At present, the effective utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer in China is generally low. How to reduce nitrogen loss and increase nitrogen utilization rate are common concerns of farmers. Here, seven methods for improving the effective utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer will be introduced to farmers.
Implementation of mixed application, deep application, and enhanced water management A large number of field trials have shown that nitrogen fertilizer can be applied to the soil layer or to a few centimeters below the soil surface to reduce nitrogen loss compared with nitrogen fertilizer application. It is better to make the nitrogen fertilizer into a granular fertilizer of a size of a few millimeters or about 1 centimeter for deep application.
Rice field trials have shown that the deep application of granular fertilizer reaches the same level of production as the powder fertilizer, while the amount of nitrogen fertilizer can be reduced by about 1/3. However, in areas with high rainfall, light soil texture, and possible leaching losses, deep application should be used with caution. Both mixed and deep application have the effect of reducing ammonia volatilization and denitrification loss. Appropriate water management can also achieve the purpose of increasing nitrogen fertilizer production. For example, the application of base fertilizer on rice fields is more mixed with water layer. The effect of this mixed application is very poor. Most of the nitrogen remains in the surface water, and only a small part of the nitrogen is mixed into the soil. When the water-free layer is mixed with nitrogen fertilizer and then re-irrigated, more nitrogen can be mixed into the soil, thereby reducing nitrogen loss. In addition, after the application of nitrogen fertilizer, the water is used to allow the water to bring the fertilizer into the soil layer. This method of taking nitrogen with water is also one of the measures to reduce nitrogen loss.
Slow-acting (long-acting) fertilizer is adopted. Slow-acting fertilizer is to coat the surface of granular nitrogen fertilizer with a film to gradually release soluble nitrogen for crop absorption and utilization, and reduce nitrogen loss. The application of slow-acting fertilizers can reduce nitrogen losses to a certain extent, but because of its high price, the main target is economic crops.
Choosing the best fertilization period According to the characteristics of crop nitrogen requirement, the fertilization period can be selected to make the crop high yield. Otherwise, the straw of the cereal crop will have high nitrogen content and the grain yield will not be high. For crops with a long growing season, in addition to the application of base fertilizer, one or several times of nitrogen fertilizer should be applied according to the nitrogen demand characteristics of crops to meet the demand of crops and obtain high yield.
Soil texture and organic matter content due to soil texture have an impact on nitrogen application. It is generally believed that the organic matter in sandy soils is fast mineralized and poor in fertilizer retention, and should be applied less frequently; while the organic matter mineralization in clay soil is slower, the applied nitrogen fertilizer is easily fixed by soil colloid adsorption and microorganisms, and the fertilizer retention performance is strong. The soil can be fertilized and fertilized with good performance, and the fertilization method can be determined according to the growth period of the plant.
The amount and type of nitrogen fertilizer required for different plant types varies. For example, leafy vegetables, tea trees, mulberry trees and other harvested leaves require large amounts of nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen is preferred; stems and fiber plants such as hemp, Eucommia ulmoides, and Astragalus are suitable for ammonium chloride; flowers and fruit trees Nitrogen fertilizers are often preferred; nitrogen requirements are different in different periods of the same plant. In the first year, the nitrogen requirement in spring and summer is more than 52%, and the demand in the fruit expansion period is decreased. Therefore, nitrogen fertilizer should be applied at an early time, especially in the fruit ripening period, not to apply nitrogen fertilizer to prevent late maturity.
Urease inhibitors are used to inhibit the hydrolysis of urea by urease inhibitors, so that urea can diffuse and move to deeper soil layers, thereby reducing the total ammonium and ammonia nitrogen concentrations in the surface soil of the dry land or the surface of the paddy field. To reduce the loss of ammonia volatilization. Urease inhibitors which are currently studied more are O-phenylphosphoryl diamine, N-butyl thiophosphoric triamide and hydroquinone.
Use of Nitrification Inhibitors The role of nitrification inhibitors is to inhibit the conversion of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen by nitrifying bacteria, thereby reducing the leaching loss of nitrate lost by denitrification of nitrogen.
Implementation of mixed application, deep application, and enhanced water management A large number of field trials have shown that nitrogen fertilizer can be applied to the soil layer or to a few centimeters below the soil surface to reduce nitrogen loss compared with nitrogen fertilizer application. It is better to make the nitrogen fertilizer into a granular fertilizer of a size of a few millimeters or about 1 centimeter for deep application.
Rice field trials have shown that the deep application of granular fertilizer reaches the same level of production as the powder fertilizer, while the amount of nitrogen fertilizer can be reduced by about 1/3. However, in areas with high rainfall, light soil texture, and possible leaching losses, deep application should be used with caution. Both mixed and deep application have the effect of reducing ammonia volatilization and denitrification loss. Appropriate water management can also achieve the purpose of increasing nitrogen fertilizer production. For example, the application of base fertilizer on rice fields is more mixed with water layer. The effect of this mixed application is very poor. Most of the nitrogen remains in the surface water, and only a small part of the nitrogen is mixed into the soil. When the water-free layer is mixed with nitrogen fertilizer and then re-irrigated, more nitrogen can be mixed into the soil, thereby reducing nitrogen loss. In addition, after the application of nitrogen fertilizer, the water is used to allow the water to bring the fertilizer into the soil layer. This method of taking nitrogen with water is also one of the measures to reduce nitrogen loss.
Slow-acting (long-acting) fertilizer is adopted. Slow-acting fertilizer is to coat the surface of granular nitrogen fertilizer with a film to gradually release soluble nitrogen for crop absorption and utilization, and reduce nitrogen loss. The application of slow-acting fertilizers can reduce nitrogen losses to a certain extent, but because of its high price, the main target is economic crops.
Choosing the best fertilization period According to the characteristics of crop nitrogen requirement, the fertilization period can be selected to make the crop high yield. Otherwise, the straw of the cereal crop will have high nitrogen content and the grain yield will not be high. For crops with a long growing season, in addition to the application of base fertilizer, one or several times of nitrogen fertilizer should be applied according to the nitrogen demand characteristics of crops to meet the demand of crops and obtain high yield.
Soil texture and organic matter content due to soil texture have an impact on nitrogen application. It is generally believed that the organic matter in sandy soils is fast mineralized and poor in fertilizer retention, and should be applied less frequently; while the organic matter mineralization in clay soil is slower, the applied nitrogen fertilizer is easily fixed by soil colloid adsorption and microorganisms, and the fertilizer retention performance is strong. The soil can be fertilized and fertilized with good performance, and the fertilization method can be determined according to the growth period of the plant.
The amount and type of nitrogen fertilizer required for different plant types varies. For example, leafy vegetables, tea trees, mulberry trees and other harvested leaves require large amounts of nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen is preferred; stems and fiber plants such as hemp, Eucommia ulmoides, and Astragalus are suitable for ammonium chloride; flowers and fruit trees Nitrogen fertilizers are often preferred; nitrogen requirements are different in different periods of the same plant. In the first year, the nitrogen requirement in spring and summer is more than 52%, and the demand in the fruit expansion period is decreased. Therefore, nitrogen fertilizer should be applied at an early time, especially in the fruit ripening period, not to apply nitrogen fertilizer to prevent late maturity.
Urease inhibitors are used to inhibit the hydrolysis of urea by urease inhibitors, so that urea can diffuse and move to deeper soil layers, thereby reducing the total ammonium and ammonia nitrogen concentrations in the surface soil of the dry land or the surface of the paddy field. To reduce the loss of ammonia volatilization. Urease inhibitors which are currently studied more are O-phenylphosphoryl diamine, N-butyl thiophosphoric triamide and hydroquinone.
Use of Nitrification Inhibitors The role of nitrification inhibitors is to inhibit the conversion of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen by nitrifying bacteria, thereby reducing the leaching loss of nitrate lost by denitrification of nitrogen.
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