I. The impact of joining WTO on China's hydraulic industry Joining WTO is a coexistence of opportunities and risks for China's hydraulic industry. In the long run, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. In the near term, it will bring a profound change to China's hydraulic industry. On the positive side, the first is that China's hydraulic industry has joined the world economic cycle and participated in the world's hydraulic parts market. It is an excellent opportunity to expand the foreign trade of China's hydraulic industry, extend the market, and obtain more benefits. Second, China, as a developing country, after joining the WTO, can enable China's hydraulic parts exports to enjoy multilateral, unconditional, stable and more preferential treatment than the most favored countries in the host countries, creating favorable conditions for China's hydraulic industry to enter the international market. . The third is to urge China's hydraulic industry to adapt to the requirements of joining WTO and the needs of international market competition, completely break the current situation of the domestic hydraulic industry, optimize the overall structure, improve the level of specialization and management, and enhance the international market. Competitive ability. The fourth is to force domestic hydraulic parts factories to organize production and operation activities and promote technological progress according to international standards, market demand, price standards and marketing practices, so that we learn to use economic laws to manage the economy, learn to act according to the law of value and market mechanism, try to Reduce human factors and randomness. The fifth is to promote the adjustment of the structure of domestic hydraulic parts products, so that their product technical standards and quality standards are closer to international standards and developed country standards, so that varieties and specifications are constantly increasing, and product quality and technical level are significantly improved. The sixth is to deepen the internal reform of China's hydraulic industrial enterprises, transform the operating mechanism, become an independent commodity producer and operator who adapts to the requirements of joining the WTO, has independent management, self-financing, self-development, and acts as a booster and catalyst.
From a philosophical point of view, everything has two sides. Practically speaking, in the face of the reality of joining the WTO, compared with developed countries, China's hydraulic industry has the following shortcomings.
1. China's hydraulic industry started late, and the gap with developed countries is large. China's hydraulic industry started in the late 1950s. Although it started to introduce Japanese oil research, spinning hydraulic technology and a complete set of processing equipment (mainly cold processing) However, it did not solve the problems of improvement and innovation after the introduction, and did not follow a path suitable for the development of China's hydraulic industry. As a result, it has reopened the gap with developed countries. Although the introduction of 28 hydraulic technologies in developed countries since the 6th Five-Year Plan has promoted the improvement of the technical level of the domestic hydraulic industry, the result of having to introduce a group production system and corresponding software at the same time has resulted in a lot of manpower and material resources. The transformation of foreign advanced technology into a backward technological structure is actually a retrogression. In some developed countries, the hydraulic industry, which began to develop in the 1920s and 1930s, has been supported and funded as the focus of the basic industry due to the unprecedented attention of developed countries. Its hydraulic industry is in terms of technical level, production scale and products. Variety specifications, processing capacity, specialization level and many other aspects are stronger than China's hydraulic industry. After joining the WTO, this disparity in overall strength will bring a huge threat to China's hydraulic industry, which may lead to a large number of domestic mainframes and imported mainframes to use foreign hydraulic components, which will be a heavy blow to the national hydraulic industry.
2. In terms of production scale and total labor productivity, the gap between the developed countries and the developed countries is relatively large. At present, the output value of hydraulic parts in the world is about 20 billion US dollars per year, and China only accounts for 1.7 of the output value of the foreign hydraulic industry. China only accounts for about 0.8. According to the statistics of China Hydraulic Pneumatic Seals Association in 1998, 36 state-owned large and medium-sized hydraulic enterprises were included in the statistical list. In 1998, the total output of hydraulic parts was 3.38 million pieces. According to the average production scale, there were only 933,000 pieces per factory. For example, in the case of hydraulic motor/pump products, the average size of each plant is only 50,000 units or less. Taking hydraulic valves as an example, the average production per plant is below 30,000. The output value of hydraulic parts in the United States, Germany, and Japan in 1996 was 6.584 billion US dollars, 2.401 billion US dollars, and 2.44 billion US dollars, respectively, which was 209 times, 7.62 times, 7.75. Times. According to the statistics of 109 hydraulic industrial enterprises by China Hydraulic Pneumatic Seals Association, there were 690,000 employees in 1996, and the per capita output value was less than 33,000 yuan/year (equivalent to US$40,000/year). In 1996, the labor productivity of the hydraulic industry in the United States, Germany, and Japan was 106,000 US dollars per person. Year, 10.68 million US dollars / person? Year, $197,000/person? In the year, it was 26. 5 times, 26.7 times, and 49.25 times of the labor productivity of the whole country. The main reason for the small production scale and low labor productivity of hydraulic parts factories in China is that the production technology and management level of the hydraulic industry are backward, the level of specialization is low, the processing capacity is insufficient and the market awareness is too poor, and the scale production capacity and economies of scale are not formed. W TO will be severely affected.
3. The technical level and quality of the products are low. At present, foreign hydraulic parts are developing in the direction of high speed, high efficiency, high pressure, energy saving, electromechanical integration, low sneak, zero leakage, etc., and widely used in hydraulic systems for electro-hydraulic control, gas and liquid. Advanced technologies such as control, pilot proportional control, electromagnetic proportional servo control and computer control. It is understood that the annual cost of deburring in the United States, including the application to the hydraulic industry, is about $2 billion, which greatly improves the technical level and quality of hydraulic components. According to expert analysis, the reliability of hydraulic components in China is only 1 / 3 1 / 2 of similar products in developed countries, and the service life is only 50 or even lower than that of similar foreign products. As for the large amount of leakage, poor cleanliness, high energy consumption, high noise, etc. More ubiquitous. In addition, product technical standards are also extremely inconsistent. There are national standards, ministerial standards, and corporate standards. Various standards are used, which affects the development of domestic hydraulic components to international standardization and generalization, and the technical level and quality of products. improve.
4. The variety and specifications are too small, and the gap with the developed countries is large. In 1990, China's hydraulic parts were more than 1,000 kinds, more than 5,000 specifications, although from the product structure category, foreign countries have, we basically have, Moreover, it is also mixed with some varieties that China has jointly designed and developed and imitated by itself, but the product structure is in a chaotic state of Wan Guo, mixed old and new, and both Chinese and foreign. In the United States, Germany, and Japan, due to the extensive use of group technology and interchange technology, a large number of parts and types can be combined into a considerable number of varieties and specifications. For example, German hydraulic valves can be used with 9 types of valve bodies. It is divided into 76 varieties and more than 1000 specifications, while the similar products in China are 39 kinds of valve bodies, which can only be assembled into 499 specifications. After joining the WTO, it is bound to be uncompetitive in the international market.
5. The processing level will be difficult to adapt to the needs of the development of the hydraulic industry after joining the WTO. At present, some enterprises use high-pressure molding for the cold casting, such as CNC machine tools, multi-station machine tools, machining centers and self-made machine tools. Shell, resin sand molding, resin laminating sand semi-automatic core shooting, electro-hydraulic sand cleaning, electrochemical sand cleaning, etc., represent the new process of heat treatment electroplating with vacuum furnace, microcomputer controlled heat treatment, automatic polishing and spraying. However, the domestic hydraulic industry still has low processing precision, unstable casting quality, low professional level and large-scale production scale. In the hydraulic industry of some developed countries, the cold processing mainly consists of numerical control (NC), machining center (CN C) and manufacturing unit (FM C), which integrates high precision, high efficiency and flexible automatic production line (FTL). The main production mode, and widely used in batch and mass production, a variety of deburring processes, such as thermal energy, extrusion, vibrating finishing, high pressure injection, electrolysis, liquid blasting and other deburring techniques and attaches great importance to the auxiliary process The castings are used in the process of electrochemical cleaning, shot peening and anti-rust treatment. The process and assembly are carefully cleaned. The main methods include high-pressure jet, ultrasonic and air bath, which effectively ensure the performance and reliability of the hydraulic components. Intrinsic quality and appearance quality, thus bringing its processing level to a new level.
6. The organizational structure of domestic hydraulic industry enterprises is extremely unreasonable. There are nearly 700 hydraulic production plants in large and small in China, and some hydraulic group companies have been established (mostly loose, unable to form capital-linked group companies), but these The factory is basically in low competition and transitional competition. At the low level, the capacity is excessive, the high level of production capacity is insufficient, the non-market monopoly and the scale economy coexist, the level of specialization is low, large and small, and the whole enterprise is widespread, lacking. The status of a giant enterprise that competes with foreign hydraulic industrial enterprises. Once China's accession to the WTO, this loose and chaotic corporate organizational structure will make many domestic hydraulic parts enterprises vulnerable.
7. The product price is too high, the import and export deficit of hydraulic parts is large. Due to the low level of specialization in the hydraulic industry in China, there is no strong scale production capacity, low output, low labor productivity, high product cost, and the product price is generally higher. The same performance of the foreign hydraulic parts price situation, coupled with low product quality, lack of competitiveness in the international market, its sales price in the international market has no advantage at all. In recent years, the United States Eaton, Japan Komatsu, Germany Rexroth famous companies have been in China's sole proprietorship or joint venture to build hydraulic parts, which is a serious challenge for China's hydraulic industry enterprises. On the contrary, foreign hydraulic parts imported with the main engine or imported as components account for about 40% of the annual demand for hydraulic parts in China, including 12 in the US, 10 in Germany, and 9 in Japan, and still in the case of high tariffs. After entering China, after the entry into the WTO, once the tariff barriers are broken, once the protection is cancelled, if China's hydraulic industry cannot form a strong competitive strength in a short period of time, the price remains high, and it is highly likely that with the opening of the domestic market. Losing the original protection, lurking the danger of being eliminated in the competition.
Second, after joining the WTO, the basic countermeasures of China's hydraulic industry face the severe test after joining the WTO. China's hydraulic industry should review the situation and grasp the opportunity correctly, and take corresponding countermeasures in the following aspects.
As a developing country, in the negotiations with the World Trade Organization and its member states, China should strive to obtain more preferential conditions conducive to China's economic development. We should effectively use flexible tariff systems and differential tariff systems, as well as strive for China's hydraulic system. As a childish protection industry, the industry protects and supports the domestic hydraulic industry, so as to gain time and urge the Chinese hydraulic industry to seize opportunities as soon as possible, accelerate development, and narrow the gap with foreign counterparts as a whole.
Breaking the loose and chaotic situation of the domestic hydraulic industry's organizational structure, by eliminating a group of enterprises that have neither resource advantages nor market advantages, give priority to supporting the development and support of key enterprises, form a group of capital-linked hydraulic groups, and a group of outwards. The hydraulic group and enterprise consortium conforming to international conventions form a transnational and cross-market economic development trend, accelerate the transformation, restructuring and restructuring of the organizational structure of China's hydraulic industry, promote the rational flow of corporate assets, and optimize the organization of domestic hydraulic industry enterprises. The structure, the formation of scale production capacity and reasonable economic scale, the purpose of improving competitiveness and overall strength, take the initiative to adapt to the open market of China's hydraulic industry, reduce shock and vibration.
Accelerate the adjustment of product structure and improve the technical level and quality of products. Hydraulic parts should strive to turn to electronic digital control machine - liquid proportional servo technology products hydraulic proportional technology components to cheap, easy to manufacture, long life and appropriate precision development of hydraulic products to high pressure, high speed, large flow, high power direction, To integrate, modularize, digitize, and miniaturize, and strive to make hydraulic components and hydraulic systems have high reliability and longevity, develop low energy consumption and low noise, oil-free lubrication, energy-saving new products, and expand serial products. For example, in addition to maintaining its advantages in medium and low pressure quantitative systems and lubrication systems, gear pump products need to be developed in several aspects such as high pressure, low flow pulsation, low noise, large displacement, and variable displacement. High-pressure dosing pump and bending-shaft pump and motor with various variables, low-noise medium and high-pressure vane pump, vane type booster pump for cars and trucks, shift valve for passenger car continuously variable transmission, low noise internal gear pump, engineering Mechanical integrated and chip multi-way valves, new high-pressure directional valves, flow and pressure control valves, stacking valves, cartridge valves and mechatronic hydraulic components and hydraulic systems are the focus of the development of hydraulic components in China.
On the basis of the existing processing level, combined with the actual development of CNC machine tools and machining centers, as well as higher-end flexible production lines (FM S), flexible automatic production lines (FTL)-based production mode, and the implementation of CAD / CAM systems and Group technology to continuously improve the processing level of hydraulic parts. It is necessary to improve the quality and production volume of casting blanks by establishing a professional production plant that can provide high-precision and high-quality internal and external high-quality hydraulic castings, and adopt more advanced casting processes and equipment. Bold exploration in heat treatment, electroplating, welding and painting to meet the needs of hydraulic parts production and development. Through various means, taking practical measures to improve labor productivity and processing, display marketing and customer satisfaction and other marketing efforts to obtain support, the industry has proposed to participate in international market competition, the use of tariffs, subsidies, procurement and national basic industrial protection measures Strengthen the support of the electrical equipment manufacturing industry.
4. Strengthening the concept of management efficiency The electrical equipment manufacturing industry has a gap not only in market share, technology content, quality level, talent capital, but also in business management. To this end, it is necessary to strengthen management work as a battle mission. First, strengthen the management of information resources between industry associations and enterprises, and manage industry network information to provide a basis for scientific decision-making. It is necessary not only to pay attention to the transmission of domestic special electrical equipment, but also to pay attention to the information collection and research of advanced science and technology and management in the same industry abroad. The second is to speed up the use of computer-aided design, improve the function of CAD system, and shorten the design technology production. Prepare the cycle and improve the rapid response capability of scientific research and design. Third, protect the intellectual property rights of electrical special equipment, solve patent rights and create brand-name products through the industry as soon as possible, prevent intellectual property from being stolen, and avoid the loss of intangible assets in the industry. It is especially important to manage the information and product technical information within the enterprise. The fourth is to deepen the internal reform of the enterprise, adapt to the international management system as soon as possible, reduce the burden on the enterprise, block various management loopholes, and greatly reduce the management costs. Special equipment manufacturing cost price, improve the comprehensive competitiveness of the market.
Therefore, mass production of large quantities, multiple varieties, multiple specifications, high reliability and high quality has become a reality in China.
Gradually adjust the price system of hydraulic parts products, speed up the process of the price of hydraulic parts in China to the international hydraulic parts market price, in order to adapt to the WTO, due to the decline in tariffs, China's hydraulic parts and developed countries hydraulic parts prices have a large gap.
Accelerate the development of international practice standardization, correctly use intellectual property laws to promote and protect the technological progress and development of China's hydraulic industry. By establishing the ISO9000 quality certification system for China's hydraulic industrial enterprises, China's quality management level and quality management system are rapidly approaching and reaching the level of developed countries, in order to promote the international quality level of China's hydraulic parts products and meet international quality standards. When introducing and absorbing foreign hydraulic technology, it is necessary to pay attention to the introduction of the most advanced foreign technology for the use of minimum investment, and to avoid disputes concerning intellectual property rights that may be encountered in the future.
Accelerate the establishment of the domestic standardized hydraulic parts market, set up a rapid response system that can adapt to changes in the domestic and international hydraulic parts market, and form a unified market with strong competitiveness. In order to break through the pattern of inward development and establish a strategy of outward development, China's hydraulic industry will participate in international market competition and seek development through extension. 1Adjust the domestic hydraulic industry to replace the import-oriented development policy, change the import to export-oriented, actively support the export of hydraulic components and hydraulic components with the host export, to fight out to squeeze in, and gradually form the import and export trade of hydraulic parts. The situation of surplus. 2 Actively attacking and establishing multinational and inter-regional hydraulic groups or hydraulic enterprise complexes abroad to promote the development of China's hydraulic industry as early as possible in the international economic cycle. 3 Make full use of the state's preferential policies on product exports and the WTO's trade principles, and promote the development of export of hydraulic components. 4Using the favorable opportunity of the price increase of hydraulic components in the international market in recent years, on the basis of research on the domestic and international hydraulic parts market, we select products that have the demand in the market and have the ability to manufacture or introduce key components. Develop innovation and squeeze some of the international market.
All in all, joining the WTO is a mixed blessing for the development of China's hydraulic industry, with opportunities and risks coexisting. Therefore, from now on, we must be prepared for danger in times of peace. We must enhance the sense of crisis and urgency after joining the WTO, seize opportunities, conscientiously formulate effective and feasible countermeasures and measures, and voluntarily take the initiative to meet the challenges of China's hydraulic industry after joining the WTO. Make China's hydraulic industry stand in the world's hydraulic industry.
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