To maintain the safety of public food, we must not rely solely on the moral self-consciousness of the growers, but also have a legal basis. Highly toxic and highly toxic pesticides are harmful to the human body, while vegetables, fruits and teas are the daily consumption foods of every household. Therefore, the relevant functional departments of local governments should introduce some local laws and regulations as soon as possible to abuse and use high-toxic pesticides. Constraint and manage to ensure the safety of the people's table.
China has made the above commitments in the context of increasing public concern about environmental protection and food safety, and pesticide reductions have become a global trend. On July 19th, the Ministry of Agriculture announced that it will start research on the subject, explore the rational model and path of pesticide reduction, and scientifically draw a road map for China's pesticide reduction.
In the first half of this year, the Ministry of Agriculture did a lot of work for this. On January 16th, the General Office of the Ministry of Agriculture issued the "2015 Planting Work Highlights", which required effective control of pesticide use, strived to achieve zero growth in total pesticide use in 2020, and promoted high-efficiency, low-toxicity and low-residue pesticides to replace high-toxic and high-residue residues. Pesticide, as well as high-efficiency large and medium-sized medical equipment to replace inefficient small-scale medical equipment, expand the scope of pilot subsidies for low-toxic biological pesticides .
On the 28th of the same month, the Ministry of Agriculture held an executive meeting of the Ministry to review and approve in principle the Action Plan for Zero Growth of Pesticide Use. On March 17, the Ministry of Agriculture stated that it would launch this action nationwide.
At the seminar in July, Zhai Pengfei, director of the Ministry of Agriculture's Pesticide Testing Institute, said that the technical and material basis for China's implementation of “zero pesticide growth†is already in place. This includes: the concept of green prevention and control continues to deepen, the construction of the unified defense technology system is gradually established, the level of medical equipment and equipment is gradually improved, seed treatment, soil treatment, biological prevention and control technology are accelerated, and environmentally-friendly, slow-release and low-dose pesticide products are rapidly increase.
The dosage per unit area is much higher than the world average as one of the essential production materials for agriculture. Pesticide is mainly used to control diseases, insects, grasses, rats and other harmful crops of agricultural forestry crops and regulate plant growth. In the secondary classification, pesticides are classified into chemical pesticides, microbial pesticides, and biochemical pesticides. In the tertiary classification, it is a more specific original drug and preparation.
From the perspective of the industrial chain, the modern pesticide industry is based on the chemical pesticide manufacturing industry. The upstream of the industry is the raw material for pesticide manufacturing, such as yellow phosphorus, liquid nitrogen and other inorganic raw materials, and basic organic raw materials such as methanol and triphenyl. Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and health. In general, it is at the end of the chemical industry chain.
Since the 1980s, China's grain output has increased year after year. In the new century, from 2003 to last year, the total output of grain has increased by eleven consecutive years. Among them, fertilizers and pesticides have contributed. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, from 2001 to 2013, China's pesticide production increased from 696,000 tons to 3.19 million tons, with a compound annual growth rate of 13.53%. This is consistent with the increasing trend of total grain production.
Since 1990, the development of pesticides and preparations in China has accelerated and production has continued to grow. In 2007, China surpassed the United States for the first time and became the world's largest pesticide producer. In 2014, the output of China's chemical pesticides (a hundred percent, that is, by percentage) reached 3.744 million tons, an increase of 17.4%.
However, because domestic pesticide use is basically stable, the growth is mainly based on exports to digest. In 1994, China became a net exporter of pesticides. According to official data, in 2014, China exported 1.161 million tons of pesticides, a year-on-year increase of 6%, accounting for 31% of total production.
As for the strong domestic demand, it is mainly manifested in two aspects:
On the one hand, changes in climate change and farming systems have led to multiple, frequent and recurring crop pests and diseases. Zeng Yande, director of the Plantation Management Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, said that if pests and diseases are not prevented, it will result in a substantial reduction in production. It is undeniable that pesticides are still the most effective measures to achieve "increasing food from pests and diseases".
According to Zhou Xiying, senior agronomist of the Ministry of Agriculture's Pesticide Control Institute, last year's paper "Talking about pesticides and food security in China", China has saved about 200 billion kilograms of grain loss per year, accounting for 15% of total production, through plant protection measures such as pest control. The above is equivalent to increasing the grain produced by more than 100 million mu of cultivated land.
On the other hand, in order to meet the population growth and the grain demand of the grain deep processing industry, the planting area of ​​crops has been expanding year by year. However, due to the unscientific application of pesticides and the increasing difficulty in controlling pests and diseases, the use of pesticides is generally on the rise.
It is noteworthy that as the world's largest pesticide production and use country, China's chemical pesticide use per unit area has been 2.5 to 5 times higher than the world average. This is the data provided by Feng Pei, a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, the vice chairman of the Central Committee of the Jiu San Society, and the professor of Zhejiang University during the "two sessions" in 2011.
The high dosage of pesticides and low utilization rate are prominent problems in the current prevention and control of agricultural pests and diseases. According to statistics, in the past five years, the national pesticide use amounted to about 310,000 tons (100%), the preparation of more than 1 million tons, and the pesticide utilization rate was about 35%. “Control and efficiency improvement†has become a necessary measure for zero growth of pesticides.
Public information, from a structural point of view, pesticides accounted for in the use of pesticides in China was significantly higher; from the point of view of crops, vegetables, fruit trees obviously more drugs, a large quantity of rice medication; Regionally, the South dosage Large, northern crops are single, pests and diseases are also lighter, and the amount of drugs used is relatively small; from the point of view of use, farmers use traditional small sprayers to fight drugs and waste, and pesticide utilization is low.
Zeng Yande said that from this situation, it is not difficult to achieve zero growth in pesticide use.
The trend of reduction, high efficiency and low toxicity has become more and more obvious. With the progress of the times, the "double-edged sword" characteristics of chemical pesticides have gradually emerged.
Although pesticides can control pests and diseases, increase agricultural production and increase farmers' income, agricultural practitioners who lack professional training unreasonably use chemical pesticides, which directly leads to pesticide abuse, increased resistance to pests, and high cost of prevention and control. . Excessive pesticide residues and agro-ecological pollution directly threaten the quality and safety of agricultural products and the ecological environment.
It is a global trend to seek pesticide reduction and develop low-toxic, high-efficiency and environmentally-friendly bio-pesticide. Internationally, the EU has enacted pesticide reduction actions as early as the end of the 1980s, and its 2006 pesticide reduction plan has become a mandatory policy. In China, scientific use of drugs and reduction of drugs have also become one of the development trends of agriculture. Under the background of strict food safety supervision, inefficient pesticide use and abuse patterns will inevitably shift to high efficiency, green and environmental protection.
Zhu Qinghua, director of corporate affairs in China, a multinational pesticide company, Syngenta, told the China Business News that China's zero-growth strategy for pesticides is to achieve sustainable agricultural development. This will increase the demand for upstream pesticide companies, and encourage enterprises to spend more energy to promote technological innovation and research more and more effective products.
He said that personal understanding is to eliminate high-toxic pesticides in the plant protection industry, and to apply more efficient, low-toxic, environmentally friendly pesticide products to provide a complete crop solution for crops. Only in this way will it be conducive to the long-term sustainable development of agriculture.
However, how do pesticides reduce and control pesticides? This requires the promotion of pesticide reduction technologies. For example, crop pests and diseases green control, unified defense and pesticide substitutes. In 2014, the Ministry of Agriculture organized a pilot project on the prevention and control of 10 crop pests and diseases and the integration of green prevention and control in rice, wheat, corn, vegetables and fruits in 31 provinces across the country. The pesticide reduction and control effect was remarkable.
The unified defense is the "unified prevention and control time, unified prevention and control of pesticides, and unified prevention and control technology." The unified defense rule is a method of crop plant protection that has arisen in recent years. It is compared with the “generational prevention and treatment†(the farmers buy medicines themselves, then spend money to hire the defense team members to prevent and control) and “stage prevention†(when sudden serious pests and diseases occur) The farmers have a great advantage and can effectively reduce the amount of damage.
Green prevention and control refers to the use of agricultural prevention, physical control, biological control, ecological regulation and scientific, rational and safe use of pesticides in accordance with the concept of “green plant protection†to achieve the purpose of effectively controlling crop pests and diseases, ensuring crop production safety and agricultural products. Quality safety and agro-ecological safety.
The pilot results of the unified defense in various regions show that the average field crops are reduced by one or two times per season, the horticultural crops are reduced by three to four times per season, and the amount of chemical pesticides is reduced by 20% to 30%. The farmland ecological environment has improved significantly, and the number of natural enemies has increased significantly. In the demonstration area, the yield per mu will increase by more than 8%, and the efficiency per acre will be 150~200 yuan.
To reduce pesticide residues, pesticides must be used scientifically and safely. How to make small and medium-sized business farmers in China to achieve scientific and safe drug use depends on training and education. Ren Zhushan, former deputy minister of the US Department of Agriculture, told the China Business News that it is extremely important to train and educate most of the agricultural business investors. It is easy to legislate to ban high-toxic pesticides, but if the localities are not doing the right thing, they will not be able to carry them out. At the end of the day, they will still be educated.
According to the Ministry of Agriculture, more than 80% of the crop pests and diseases in China are completed by farmers themselves. The safe use of pesticides is worrying. The pesticides are wasted more than 30% in the specific use process. More than 65% of the farmers have no protective measures for spraying pesticides. Accidents caused by improper use of pesticides have occurred. More than 30% of the farmers have encountered Different levels of pesticide poisoning.
In April last year, 37 companies including China National Pesticide Industry Association, Sinochem Agrochemical Co., Ltd. and Syngenta (China) Investment Co., Ltd. jointly initiated the establishment of a safety and scientific use pesticide committee, and conducted multi-stage training courses on the safe use of pesticides. Instruct farmers to use pesticides safely and scientifically.
In 2014, the National Agricultural Technology Center cooperated with Syngenta and Plant Protection (China) Association to organize more than 600 safety science drug training classes in 15 provinces including Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong and Sichuan, training nearly 30,000 farmers and sending More than 30,000 pieces of information, more than 20,000 pieces of protective clothing and protective masks.
The disadvantage of biological pesticides temporarily replacing chemical pesticides and chemical pesticides is also gradually highlighting the value of biological pesticides.
The biological pesticide refers to a preparation for killing or inhibiting agricultural pests by using biological living organisms (fungi, bacteria, insect viruses, genetically modified organisms, natural enemies, etc.) or metabolites thereof (pheromone, auxin, naphthaleneacetic acid, etc.).
Because it is manufactured by renewable resources, without synthetic chemical active ingredients and chemical residues, biological pesticides are regarded as environmentally friendly products, and have low toxicity, high efficiency and safety in controlling pests and diseases. In China, ecological organic breeding areas, export agricultural products enterprises, new ecological farms and green prevention and control bases have sought biopesticide solutions.
On the one hand, the law is becoming more and more strict. Article 49 of the new Food Safety Law, which will be implemented on October 1 this year, prohibits the use of highly toxic and highly toxic pesticides for vegetables, fruits, tea and Chinese herbal medicines. And other crops prescribed by the state. On the other hand, the government supports the State Council’s Bio-Industry Development Plan, which was issued in 2013. By 2015, high-efficiency, safe, economic and environmentally friendly pesticides account for more than 50% of total production, and high-toxic and high-residue varieties must be produced. Dropped to 3%.
Zhai Pengfei once told the media that the proportion of high-toxic pesticides in domestic pesticides is less than 1.7%, which is close to 30% 10 years ago. The relevant person in charge of the Institute of Plant Protection of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences told the First Financial Daily that the current low-toxic and slightly toxic pesticide products have reached more than 75%. He said that “zero growth†mainly refers to zero growth in the use of chemical pesticides and encourages the use of biological pesticides. However, the possibility of chemical pesticides being replaced by biological pesticides is very small, at least not in the near future.
However, bio-pesticide is also facing the embarrassment of "satisfaction." For example, due to the slow effect of bio-pesticides, farmers will give feedback that bio-pesticides are not like chemical pesticides, and pests die immediately upon contact. In terms of price, bio-pesticides are more difficult to compete with chemical pesticides. In addition, it also includes problems such as complicated technical processes and less dominant varieties.
Then, will chemical pesticides be replaced by biological pesticides? Zhu Qinghua said that from the development trend of global plant protection products, it is not necessarily based on which one, but a relatively comprehensive development model. Can not be seen in a single way, combined with the characteristics of pests and diseases, use multi-faceted technology and means to find the best solution.
Liu Dongsheng, executive deputy general manager of Guangxi Spray Shibao Co., Ltd. told the “First Financial Daily†that the integration of water and fertilizer is the current direction, which can reduce labor costs, improve the efficiency of agricultural use, and more importantly, reduce pesticide residues. The technology is based on the integration of water and fertilizer, dissolves the medicament in the irrigation water, and applies the fine, uniform and accurate soil along the drip irrigation pipeline to prevent and control crop diseases and insect pests, especially soil-borne diseases.
Disclaimer: The above pesticide information is extracted from the Internet and has nothing to do with the China Pesticide Network . If there is any infringement, it will be deleted immediately.
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