The average person thinks that the inventor of the electric light is the invention king Edison. In fact, the experimental research in this area has already begun before Edison.
Incandescent Lamps In a US patent file of 1845, Starr of Cincinnati suggested that carbon filaments could be used in vacuum bubbles. In this way, Swan of the United Kingdom used a piece of carbonized paper as a filament in an attempt to make current flow through it. However, because the vacuum pumping technique was still poor, the residual air in the bulb caused the filament to burn quickly. Therefore, the life of such a lamp is quite short, only one or two hours, and has no practical value. In 1878, the emergence of vacuum pumps enabled Swan to re-examine the study of incandescent lamps. In January 1879, the incandescent lamp he invented was successfully tested in public and received favorable comments.
In 1879, Edison also began to invest in the study of electric lights. He believes that the key to extending the life of incandescent lamps is to increase the vacuum of the bulbs and to use less heat-consuming, light-emitting, and cheaper heat-resistant materials for filaments. Edison has tried 1600. A variety of heat-resistant materials, the results are not ideal, on October 21, 1879, he used a carbonized cotton wire as a filament, put it into the glass ball, and then start the air machine to pump the ball into a vacuum. As a result, the light from the carbonized cotton filaments is bright and stable, and it illuminates for more than 10 hours (45 hours). In this way, carbonized cotton incandescent lamps were born, and Edison patented for this.
Success did not stop Edison, he continued to look for heat-resistant materials that are more durable than carbonized cotton. In 1880, Edison developed a carbonized bamboo lamp to greatly improve the life of the filament. In October of the same year, Edison set up a factory in New Jersey and began mass production. This is the world's first commercial incandescent lamp. In 1881, the factory was set up in Benville on the outskirts of Newcastle.
The invention of incandescent lamps, the United States is usually attributed to Edison, and the United Kingdom is attributed to Swann. In the United Kingdom, the centenary of the invention of electric lights was held in October 1978, while the United States was held in November after one year.
The competition between the two inventors was fierce, and patent disputes were almost inevitable. Later, the two reached an agreement to form Edison-Swan
Edison Electric Company produces incandescent lamps in the UK.
The modern tungsten incandescent lamp was successfully produced by American inventor Kulic in 1908. The illuminator is a filament drawn from metal tungsten. The most valuable feature of this material is its high melting point, which remains solid at high temperatures. In fact, the filament temperature of a lit incandescent lamp is as high as 3000 °C. It is because of the radiant filament that produces light radiation that makes the electric light shine brightly. Because some tungsten atoms evaporate into gas at high temperatures and deposit on the glass surface of the bulb, making the bulb black, the incandescent lamp is made into a "big belly" shape, so that the deposited tungsten atoms can be in one Spread on a larger surface. Otherwise, the bulb will be blackened in a short period of time. As the filament is constantly sublimated, it will gradually become thinner until it is finally disconnected, at which point the life of a light bulb is over.
Incandescent lamps are the least efficient of all powered lighting fixtures. Only about 2% of the power it consumes can be converted into light energy, while the rest is lost as heat. As for lighting time, the life of such a lamp usually does not exceed 1000 hours. At this point, the halogen lamp is much longer than a typical incandescent lamp. The shape of a halogen lamp is generally a small quartz glass tube. Compared with an incandescent lamp, the special feature is that the tungsten wire can be "self-regenerated". In fact, the filaments and glass envelopes of such lamps are filled with halogen elements such as iodine and bromine. When the filament heats up, the tungsten atoms are evaporated to move toward the glass tube wall. In it
When the wick of an incandescent lamp is a tungsten wire close to the glass tube, the tungsten vapor is "cooled" to about 800 ° C and combined with a halogen atom to form a tungsten halide (tungsten iodide, tungsten bromide). The tungsten halide moves toward the center of the glass tube and falls onto the corroded filament. Because tungsten halide is very unstable, it decomposes into halogen vapor and tungsten when it is heated, so that tungsten is deposited on the filament to make up for the evaporated part. In this cycle, the life of the filament will be extended. Therefore, the filament of the halogen lamp can be made relatively small, and the lamp body is also small. Halogen lamps are generally used where concentrated illumination is required, such as for desk or room lighting.
Recently, the Australian government has introduced a plan to gradually adopt energy-saving fluorescent lighting equipment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Since 2010, the use of incandescent light bulbs will be banned.
This is the first plan in the world to eliminate incandescent bulbs. In order to save energy, in order to protect the environment, incandescent bulbs will die!
A ballcock (also balltap or float valve) is a mechanism or machine for filling water tanks, such as those found in flush toilets, while avoiding overflow and (in the event of low water pressure) backflow. The modern ballcock was invented by José Antonio de Alzate y RamÃrez, a Mexican priest and scientist, who described the device in 1790 in the Gaceta de Literatura Méxicana.[1] It consists of a valve connected to a hollow sealed float by means of a lever, mounted near the top of the tank. The float is often ball-shaped, hence the name ballcock. The valve is connected to the incoming water supply, and is opened and closed by the lever which has the float mounted on the end. When the water level rises, the float rises with it; once it rises to a pre-set level, the mechanism forces the lever to close the valve and shut off the water flow. This is an example of negative feedback and of proportional control.
Ball Cock, Brass Ball Bibcock, Ballcock Valve, Toilet Ballcock Valve
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