Safe feed refers to the feed of food animals. The various ingredients do not produce organic and inorganic substances that are harmful to human health in the animal body (Liu et al., 2000). The production of safe feed is an important issue related to the sustainable development of feed production and human health. The main factors affecting feed safety are the quality of feed ingredients, the safe storage of feed ingredients, the control of the amount of various additives in the formula, the control of artificial addition during processing, the rational design of feed processing technology and the proper selection of parameters, and the operation process. Manage feed storage management after processing. Safe feed can only be produced if all aspects of the processing process are strictly controlled.
l Raw material control and safe storage
Feed ingredients are the first control point for the production of safe feed. Some plant feed ingredients are used in large quantities during the growth process due to pests and diseases, resulting in pesticide residues in cereal products exceeding the standard. Feed mills should be strengthened when receiving raw materials. Detection of pesticide residues. In addition, the waste water and waste gas discharged from industrial production are also seriously polluted by feed ingredients.
At present, due to the limitations of testing equipment, most feed manufacturers have not tested pesticide residues and industrial contaminated raw materials. This is a major hidden danger in the production of safe feed, and feed producers should pay sufficient attention. The moisture of feed ingredients is the key to safe storage. Especially for some freshly harvested plant materials, the water generally does not reach the standard of safe storage. During storage, the raw materials are highly susceptible to mold pollution and produce a large amount of mycotoxins, so that the quality of feed produced. deterioration. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the storage conditions of raw materials and control the moisture of feed ingredients (safety moisture below 12%) to minimize mold pollution, which is the most effective and positive method. Many raw materials are not economically operative to achieve a fairly dry level. The use of anti-fungal agents to control mold growth is an effective measure. However, the anti-fungal agent cannot remove the mycotoxin from the raw materials, so mold control measures must be taken as early as possible before mold contamination occurs.
At present, due to the shortage of feed ingredients, the adulteration of raw materials is very serious, and the adulteration of feed ingredients brings trouble to the production of safe feed. Therefore, when receiving raw materials, it is necessary to pass a rigorous test to confirm whether it meets the quality standards, and resolutely prevent unqualified raw materials from entering the factory.
Most of the raw materials in the feed are corn, which are usually stored in vertical silos, especially steel silos. Due to the large difference in temperature between day and night, it is easy to cause evaporation of water in storage materials and condensation of water vapor, so that some raw materials close to the silo wall are The water content is too high, such as long-term storage, it is easy to cause mildew in the raw materials. Therefore, the management of raw materials in the silo should be strengthened, and the moisture of the raw materials can be reduced by means of overturning to ensure the safety of the stored raw materials.
2 raw material cleaning
In feed processing, people often pay attention to the cleaning of large impurities and magnetic impurities in feed ingredients to ensure the safety of feed processing equipment, and the cleaning of small and medium impurities in feed is often ignored. These small impurities are complex and are a breeding ground for various harmful microorganisms. When the moisture and temperature of the raw materials are suitable for their growth, the nutrients of the raw materials are the medium, which causes rapid growth to produce a large amount of harmful substances, posing a threat to feed safety. Therefore, small impurities should be removed in feed production to facilitate the safety of the feed and ensure product quality.
3 control of harmful components in raw materials
The raw materials used in feed processing are very complicated. Some raw materials have natural toxic and harmful substances, such as alkaloids, free gossypol, tannins and protease inhibitors in vegetable raw materials. Phytic acid and toxic nitro compounds, such as histamine, anti-sulfamin, etc. in animal raw materials, and blood, fat, bone meal or meat and bone meal of mammals contaminated with microorganisms, such toxic and harmful substances cause various kinds of animals. harm. Therefore, when selecting raw materials, such raw materials should be controlled according to actual needs. For example, cotton and rapeseed cakes should be selected from detoxified cakes or controlled dosage, and meat and bone meal is prohibited in ruminant animal feed.
4 control of various additives in the formula
In addition to meeting the production performance requirements of livestock and poultry, the feed ingredients should meet the national health standards. At the same time, the national regulations on feed should be implemented. It is strictly forbidden to use illegal drugs and antibiotics. For feeds that require the addition of drugs, drugs approved by the state should be added, and must meet the applicable animal range, dosage, withdrawal period and precautions. In order to save the cost of feed production and make full use of feed resources, some unconventional feed ingredients have been applied. When using these raw materials, first of all, to ensure their own safety, for the raw materials with certain toxicity, take measures to prevent them.
With the development of biotechnology, the proportion of GM crops and their by-products used as feed is gradually increasing. Raw materials such as high oil corn, high lysine corn, low toxic rapeseed cake, and high methionine soybean have been used in feed production. . However, the use of these genetically modified plants as feed ingredients has not yet reached a consistent affirmative conclusion on the safety of animal health and animal products. Therefore, it is necessary to be cautious when choosing GM products for use as feed ingredients.
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