In recent years, with the development of microbial fermentation technology, fermented feed has attracted wide interest in the industry. Microbial fermented feed has its own unique superiority compared with traditional feed, which meets the requirements of the current healthy and environmentally friendly fishery development. Since the discovery of antibiotics in the 1940s, it has been widely used in livestock and poultry, and aquatic feed. However, with the frequent use of antibiotics, the side effects have become increasingly prominent. If not restricted, it will bring human health. A huge disaster. The new anti-fermentation feed has a good solution to the contradiction between promoting animal growth and no residue and no pollution.
Microbial fermented feed refers to the decomposition and synthesis of anti-nutritional factors in plant, animal and mineral substances through the metabolism of microorganisms under artificially controllable conditions, using plant-based agricultural by-products as the main raw material. A biological feed or feed material that can be eaten by livestock, absorb nutrients, and be non-toxic. In the 1960s, foreign countries began to study microbial fermented feed and gradually formed industrial production. In the 1990s, China began research on microbial fermented feed (mainly yeast protein feed). Due to various conditions, it is near In the past few years, there has been a really in-depth research and development of microbial fermented feed.
First, the superiority of microbial fermented feed
1. Improve feed utilization and reduce farming costs
The fermented feed effectively decomposes the feed ingredients into glucose and amino acids through biochemical reactions, shortens the conversion chain of the feed in the digestive tract of the animal, and thus enables various effective ingredients in the feed to be quickly and effectively absorbed and utilized, thereby improving the feed. Utilization rate. The increase of crude fat and organic acid after fermentation increases the energy in the diet and is also a factor in increasing the weight gain and feed conversion ratio.
The various microbial live bacteria of the fermented feed can absorb a large amount of organic nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen which are difficult to be used by animals, and convert it into a plurality of bacterial proteins, that is, protein feeds, which significantly increases feed nutrients and reduces feed costs.
2. Improve the palatability of
After the fermentation, the feed produces a natural acid scent, which can stimulate the appetite of the animal, promote the secretion of the digestive juice, increase the activity of the digestive enzymes, accelerate the decomposition of the nutrients of the feed, thereby promoting the absorption of nutrients, so that the fish and shrimp are fed. The amount and the feeding speed are all improved.
3. Improve the water environment
Due to the special nature of aquaculture, a variety of beneficial bacteria are placed in the water body, and a large amount of organic matter accumulated in the water body (such as residual bait and excrement of farmed animals) is rapidly degraded by oxidation, ammoniation, nitrification, denitrification and nitrogen fixation. And toxic and harmful gases (such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, etc.) produced by animal and plant residues, and various inorganic salts that can be directly utilized by phytoplankton in the process of degradation, and phytoplankton which is propagated in water can further degrade harmful substances. Improve the water quality by purifying various indicators of aquaculture water. Promoted the growth of fish and shrimp. Aquaculture animals live in water for a long time, are greatly affected by environmental factors, and have many opportunities to access harmful bacteria. Establishing a virtuous cycle of microbial systems in the gut of fish and shrimp is one of the most effective ways to combat pathogenic infections.
4. Fermentation and detoxification, feed is safer
In recent years, some studies have shown that certain lactic acid bacteria can inhibit the growth and production of mold, and Lactobacillus acidophilus can inhibit the spore germination of Aspergillus parasiticus. In addition, in most cases, the metabolites of microorganisms can reduce the amount of toxins in the feed. According to reports, five strains, such as Aspergillus and Mycobacterium, can effectively reduce the content of free gossypol in fermented cotton aphid. It can be seen that fermented feed has a lower content of harmful substances than unfermented feed, which is more meaningful for food safety issues that are increasingly concerned.
Second, the mechanism of action of microbial fermented feed
The role of microbial fermented feed is mainly reflected in two aspects. One is to produce high-quality feed protein raw materials by using cheap agricultural and light industrial by-products, and the other is to obtain highly active beneficial microorganisms. The application of these microbial products can improve the conversion rate of feed and promote the growth of livestock and poultry; on the other hand, it can regulate the micro-ecological balance of animals and improve the health of animals. There are also live agents that can be used to treat animal diseases. The promotion and application of microbial fermented feed in aquaculture can reduce the use of antibiotics, facilitate the production of safe foods, and improve the competitiveness of export.
1. Supplementing beneficial bacteria and regulating the micro-ecological balance of animals
There are various microbial communities in the intestines of healthy animals. The various microbial communities are interdependent and mutually constrained to form the balance of the micro-ecological system in the intestines of livestock and poultry, and establish a normal and well-balanced intestinal microflora. It is of great significance to resist pathogenic microbial infections. Due to the interaction between microorganisms, the existing microorganisms in an ecosystem prevent the invasion of new organisms in this part, and the beneficial bacteria prevent the adhesion and reproduction of harmful microorganisms in the intestinal mucosa through competitive inhibition. Therefore, it is very important to take microbial feed for animals with slow or dysfunctional flora. For adult animals, since many microorganisms can only survive in the intestine for a certain period of time, it is necessary to continuously take live bacterial preparations in order to maintain the colonization of a certain microorganism in the intestine.
2. Chemical barrier function
The organic acids (lactic acid, propionic acid, acetic acid) produced by beneficial microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria reduce the pH value in the digestive tract and inhibit the growth of other pathogenic microorganisms. When the pH value is 4, E. coli and Salmonella cannot proliferate, and the intestinal bacteria are maintained. The group balances the growth-promoting effect, while the acidic environment in the digestive tract promotes the absorption and utilization of the mineral elements calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamin D.
3. Produce beneficial metabolites, inhibit and kill harmful bacteria
Beneficial microorganisms produce peptide bacteriocins, enzymes and small amounts of inorganic substances, which can inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria or prevent the adhesion and invasion of harmful bacterial toxins in epithelial cells. Lactobacillus produced by lactic acid bacteria and streptococci inhibits the growth of Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli; Lactobacillus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus can produce a small amount of hydrogen peroxide to inhibit the growth of Gram-negative pathogens. Lactobacillus and bifidobacteria produce extracellular glycosidases that prevent the invasion of bacterial toxins.
4. Has a nutritional role to promote animal growth
The beneficial bacteria in the microbial fermented feed itself is a high-protein substance, and metabolism in the intestinal tract of the animal can produce a variety of beneficial factors that contribute to the nutrient digestion of the animal, thereby promoting the growth and weight gain of the aquatic animal. For example, Bacillus It can secrete a variety of digestive enzymes (protease, amylase, lipase, etc.) to promote the digestion and absorption of nutrients; yeast can produce amino acids, multivitamins (K, C, B1, B2, pantothenic acid, niacin, biotin, Inositol and folic acid, etc. are used by animals, and yeast can also promote the production of phytase and increase the utilization of phosphorus.
5. Prevent the production of harmful substances.
Microbial fermented feed promotes the digestion and absorption of the camp's substances and reduces the production of ammonia and other spoilage substances. Studies have shown that feeding microbial fermented feed can reduce the content of ammonia in contents, feces, portal veins, and the content of sucrose, sputum, 3-methyl hydrazine and other spoilage substances in the intestines, reduce the odor of feces, and purify the environment.
6. Improve the body's immune function
The beneficial microorganisms in the fermented feed can act as a non-specific immune regulator, stimulate and activate the host immune cells through the bacteria themselves or cell wall components, promote phagocytic activity or act as an adjuvant. Beneficial microorganisms can also exert specific immune functions and enhance the ability of B cells to produce antibodies in animals. Direct-feeding microorganisms promote humoral and cellular immunity in the body, improve the antibody level of livestock and poultry, enhance immune function, and promptly kill pathogenic bacteria invading the body, thereby preventing the occurrence of diseases. The experiment found that Lactobacillus can enhance the body's immunity, and some probiotics can affect the body's immune system's ability to respond, and its ability to change varies with the bacteria.
Prospect of microbial fermented feed
There are many kinds of microorganisms, rich in resources, and huge development potential. At the same time, there are a wide range of fermentation raw materials, especially agricultural wastes, such as various crop straws, alfalfa, wood chips, bagasse, potato dregs, beet pulp and dregs, etc. , can convert a large number of substrates into useful products, can reduce environmental pollution, and at the same time turn waste into treasure, get low prices, easy to produce and promote. In order to produce high-quality and low-cost fermented feed, it is necessary to develop some large-scale, high-automation solid fermentation equipment, and constantly explore new microbial feed strains and improve existing strains, especially cellulase and starch. Enzymes such as enzymes and proteases are important for fermented feeds, so screening for such important enzyme preparations is the focus of microbial fermented feed.
With the rapid development of the current feed industry, feed gradually develops towards low-drug and low-residue, and aquatic products are gradually moving towards a green industry revolution. Therefore, biological feed is bound to become the trend of the times. With molecular biology, microbiology, fermentation engineering The development of disciplines such as instrument science and automation science will also make microbial fermented feed a new type of animal energy and widely used for the benefit of mankind.
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